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Overview
The Carnauba Wax Market is
forecast to reach $331 million by 2025, growing at a CAGR of 5.22% during 2020-2025.
The boom in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications is causing the
growing penetration of Carnauba wax products. The medical pill or tablet
manufacturing is finding the demand for the carnauba wax which will play a
significant growth trend in the growth of global carnauba wax market.The report covers Carnauba Wax Market size by applications, Carnauba Wax Market share by top 5 companies and also the market share by start-ups during the forecast period.
Report Coverage
The report: “Carnauba Wax Market – Forecast (2020-2025)”, by IndustryARC, covers
an in-depth analysis of the following segments of the Carnauba Wax Market.
Key Takeaways
- North America dominates the Carnauba Wax market owing to increasing demand from applications such as food and pharmaceutical industries.
- The Carnauba wax production is highest in countries such as Brazil, Sri Lanka, and in African and other South American countries. The consumption of carnauba wax in the US is high and it is due to food industry followed by pharmaceutical industry.
By End-Use Industry - Segment Analysis
The Cosmetics segment held the
major share of the market by application and is expected to be dominant over
the forecast period. Trends such as the growing aging population and changing
lifestyle will further contribute towards positive industry growth. Innovative
and improved products for women’s cosmetics, which are multifunctional is
likely to generate the increased sales of personal care products in the
forecast period. To reach specific customer needs, manufacturers have
introduced specific skin and hair products in the market. The market is also
anticipated to be promoted by media penetration, advertising, and various
marketing offers. In developing countries, aspects like growing consumers’
purchasing power, presence of international brands, and rapid urbanization is
expected to grow the market in the forecast period. Consumers and producers are
becoming more open to the usage of natural cosmetics. The major factor driving
the carnauba wax or palm wax market is the increasing demand of the consumers for products
containing natural and organic ingredients in their formulation. Consumers are
committed to more natural and green products, and this was clearly visible
during the recession period, when the market for natural products was less
affected than the total market for personal care products, and recorded a
higher growth rate.
As the market grows, there will
be tightening pressure from government agencies and an increase in oversight.
The FDA has upped enforcement of dietary violations, which will impact clinical
trials and research. With the diversity and power of pets, the pet care
industry is growing dynamically and closely following the movements, also the
development of human living environment and quality. In response to the
consumer demands, cosmetic companies started to develop and to launch on the
market new products containing natural ingredients, eventually bioactive;
medical claims have been thoroughly investigated and supported by clinical
trials.
Geography - Segment Analysis
North America dominated the carnauba
wax market with a share of 45%, followed by APAC and Europe. The economy of APAC is
mainly influenced by the economic dynamics of countries such as China and
India, but with growing foreign direct investment for economic development of
South East Asia, the current scenario is changing. Carnauba wax is used
for a wide array of products mostly falling into the categories of: Cosmetics,
food products and polishes. Some of the products are: Candies/sweets, chewing
gums, chocolates, confectionary sugar, fruit coating, polishing wax (for car,
leather, floor, furniture), food packing, can coating, plastic film, matches,
medicine/capsules, graphite pencils, paints, cosmetics, bullets coating, bar
codes, dry batteries, computer chips, printing ink, carbon paper, toner,
dehydrated vegetables, modeling flowers and fruits, dental wax, textile
coatings, lubricants, skin care, hair care, shave creams.
Drivers – Carnauba Wax Market
- Rising demand for natural cosmetics
The worldwide
cosmetic industry is growing steadily with a growth of turnover of about more
than 9% per year. Manufacturers have invested in developing new products
containing natural ingredients. With the use of natural plant extracts as
cosmetic ingredients, a new generation of products has been introduced in the
market of which a category has been claimed to contain biologically active
ingredients with medicinal or drug-like effects, which satisfy the needs of
both beauty and health. The natural products were easily accepted by consumers.
Challenges – Carnauba Wax Market
- Growing regulations
In the U.S., the
FDA regulates both finished dietary supplement products and ingredients found
in dietary supplements. As previously noted, dietary supplements are outside of
the strict oversight accorded drugs and pharmaceutical products. Instead, they
are categorized as a type of food product, and must comply with regulations
promulgated under the federal Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act
(DSHEA) of 1994 and other more recent legislation. Under current FDA
regulations, manufacturers and distributors are directly responsible for
evaluating the safety and labeling of their products prior to marketing them
for sale, and are prohibited from marketing products that are adulterated or
misbranded.
Market Landscape
Technology launches, acquisitions and R&D
activities are key strategies adopted by players in the carnauba wax market. In
2018, the top five players accounted for xx% of the share. Major players in the
carnauba wax Market are Lush Retail Ltd., Spartan Chemical Company, Inc.,
Turtle Wax, Feast Watson (Dulux Group Pty Limited), Chestnut Products, Howard
Products (Aust), F. SUTER & CO. LTD, TENZI Sp. z o.o., TER HELL & Co.
GmbH, Strahl & Pitsch, Inc. , P21S Car Care Products, among others.
1.1 Definitions and Scope
2. Carnauba Wax Market - Executive summary
2.1 Market Revenue, Market Size and Key Trends by Company
2.2 Key Trends by type of Application
2.3 Key Trends segmented by Geography
3. Carnauba Wax Market
3.1 Comparative analysis
3.1.1 Product Benchmarking - Top 10 companies
3.1.2 Top 5 Financials Analysis
3.1.3 Market Value split by Top 10 companies
3.1.4 Patent Analysis - Top 10 companies
3.1.5 Pricing Analysis
4. Carnauba Wax Market - Startup companies Scenario Premium
4.1 Top 10 startup company Analysis by
4.1.1 Investment
4.1.2 Revenue
4.1.3 Market Shares
4.1.4 Market Size and Application Analysis
4.1.5 Venture Capital and Funding Scenario
5. Carnauba Wax Market - Industry Market Entry Scenario Premium
5.1 Regulatory Framework Overview
5.2 New Business and Ease of Doing business index
5.3 Case studies of successful ventures
5.4 Customer Analysis - Top 10 companies
6. Carnauba Wax Market Forces
6.1 Drivers
6.2 Constraints
6.3 Challenges
6.4 Porters five force model
6.4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
6.4.2 Bargaining powers of customers
6.4.3 Threat of new entrants
6.4.4 Rivalry among existing players
6.4.5 Threat of substitutes
7. Carnauba Wax Market - Strategic analysis
7.1 Value chain analysis
7.2 Opportunities analysis
7.3 Product life cycle
7.4 Suppliers and distributors Market Share
8. Carnauba Wax Market - By Type (Market Size -$Million / $Billion)
9. Carnauba Wax Market - By Product (Market Size -$Million / $Billion)
9.1 Type 1
9.2 Type 3
9.3 Type 4
10. Carnauba Wax - By Application (Market Size -$Million / $Billion)
10.1 Cosmetic
10.2 Food
10.3 Automotive
11. Carnauba Wax - By Geography (Market Size -$Million / $Billion)
11.1 Carnauba Wax Market - North America Segment Research
11.2 North America Market Research (Million / $Billion)
11.2.1 Segment type Size and Market Size Analysis
11.2.2 Revenue and Trends
11.2.3 Application Revenue and Trends by type of Application
11.2.4 Company Revenue and Product Analysis
11.2.5 North America Product type and Application Market Size
11.2.5.1 U.S
11.2.5.2 Canada
11.2.5.3 Mexico
11.2.5.4 Rest of North America
11.3 Carnauba Wax- South America Segment Research
11.4 South America Market Research (Market Size -$Million / $Billion)
11.4.1 Segment type Size and Market Size Analysis
11.4.2 Revenue and Trends
11.4.3 Application Revenue and Trends by type of Application
11.4.4 Company Revenue and Product Analysis
11.4.5 South America Product type and Application Market Size
11.4.5.1 Brazil
11.4.5.2 Venezuela
11.4.5.3 Argentina
11.4.5.4 Ecuador
11.4.5.5 Peru
11.4.5.6 Colombia
11.4.5.7 Costa Rica
11.4.5.8 Rest of South America
11.5 Carnauba Wax- Europe Segment Research
11.6 Europe Market Research (Market Size -$Million / $Billion)
11.6.1 Segment type Size and Market Size Analysis
11.6.2 Revenue and Trends
11.6.3 Application Revenue and Trends by type of Application
11.6.4 Company Revenue and Product Analysis
11.6.5 Europe Segment Product type and Application Market Size
11.6.5.1 U.K
11.6.5.2 Germany
11.6.5.3 Italy
11.6.5.4 France
11.6.5.5 Netherlands
11.6.5.6 Belgium
11.6.5.7 Denmark
11.6.5.8 Spain
11.6.5.9 Rest of Europe
11.7 Carnauba Wax - APAC Segment Research
11.8 APAC Market Research (Market Size -$Million / $Billion)
11.8.1 Segment type Size and Market Size Analysis
11.8.2 Revenue and Trends
11.8.3 Application Revenue and Trends by type of Application
11.8.4 Company Revenue and Product Analysis
11.8.5 APAC Segment - Product type and Application Market Size
11.8.5.1 China
11.8.5.2 Australia
11.8.5.3 Japan
11.8.5.4 South Korea
11.8.5.5 India
11.8.5.6 Taiwan
11.8.5.7 Malaysia
11.8.5.8 Hong Kong
11.8.5.9 Rest of APAC
11.9 Carnauba Wax - Middle East Segment and Africa Segment Research
11.10 Middle East & Africa Market Research (Market Size -$Million / $Billion)
11.10.1 Segment type Size and Market Size Analysis
11.10.2 Revenue and Trend Analysis
11.10.3 Application Revenue and Trends by type of Application
11.10.4 Company Revenue and Product Analysis
11.10.5 Middle East Segment Product type and Application Market Size
11.10.5.1 Israel
11.10.5.2 Saudi Arabia
11.10.5.3 UAE
11.10.6 Africa Segment Analysis
11.10.6.1 South Africa
11.10.6.2 Rest of Middle East & Africa
12. Carnauba Wax Market - Entropy
12.1 New product launches
12.2 M&A s, collaborations, JVs and partnerships
13. Carnauba Wax Market - Industry / Segment Competition landscape Premium
13.1 Market Share Analysis
13.1.1 Market Share by Country- Top companies
13.1.2 Market Share by Region- Top 10 companies
13.1.3 Market Share by type of Application - Top 10 companies
13.1.4 Market Share by type of Product / Product category- Top 10 companies
13.1.5 Market Share at the global level - Top 10 companies
13.1.6 Best Practises for companies
14. Carnauba Wax Market - Key Company List by Country Premium
15. Carnauba Wax Market Company Analysis
15.1 Market Share, Company Revenue, Products, M&A, Developments
15.2 Brasil Ceras
15.3 Carnauba Do Brasil Ltda
15.4 Foncepi- Comercial Exportadora Ltda
15.5 Frank B Ross, Inc
15.6 J Allcock Son Ltd
15.7 Kahl Gmbh Co. Kg
15.8 Koster Keunen Holland
15.9 Natural Wax
15.10 Norevo Gmbh
15.11 Pons Industria De Cera Ltda
15.12 Poth Hille
15.13 Strahl Pitsch, Inc
15.14 Ter Hell Co. Gmbh
15.15 The International Group, Inc
15.16 Tropical Ceras Do Brasil Ltda
15.17 Company 16
15.18 Company 17 & More
16.1 Abbreviations
16.2 Sources
17. Carnauba Wax Market - Methodology
17.1 Research Methodology
17.1.1 Company Expert Interviews
17.1.2 Industry Databases
17.1.3 Associations
17.1.4 Company News
17.1.5 Company Annual Reports
17.1.6 Application Trends
17.1.7 New Products and Product database
17.1.8 Company Transcripts
17.1.9 R&D Trends
17.1.10 Key Opinion Leaders Interviews
17.1.11 Supply and Demand Trends
LIST OF TABLES
1.Global Market Categorization 1:Product Estimate Trend Analysis Market 2019-2024 ($M)1.1 Type 1 Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
1.1.1 Type 1 Carnauba Wax Market Market 2019-2024 ($M)
1.2 Type 3 Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
1.2.1 Type 3 Carnauba Wax Market Market 2019-2024 ($M)
1.3 Type 4 Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
1.3.1 Type 4 Carnauba Wax Market Market 2019-2024 ($M)
2.Global Market Categorization 2:Application Estimate Trend Analysis Market 2019-2024 ($M)
2.1 Cosmetic Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
2.1.1 Carnauba Wax Market Demand In Cosmetic Market 2019-2024 ($M)
2.2 Food Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
2.2.1 Carnauba Wax Market Demand In Food Market 2019-2024 ($M)
2.3 Automotive Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
2.3.1 Carnauba Wax Market Demand In Automotive Market 2019-2024 ($M)
2.4 Pharmaceutical Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Global Industry Research
2.4.1 Carnauba Wax Market Demand In Pharmaceutical Market 2019-2024 ($M)
3.Global Market Categorization 1:Product Estimate Trend Analysis Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units)
3.1 Type 1 Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
3.1.1 Type 1 Carnauba Wax Market Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units)
3.2 Type 3 Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
3.2.1 Type 3 Carnauba Wax Market Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units)
3.3 Type 4 Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
3.3.1 Type 4 Carnauba Wax Market Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units)
4.Global Market Categorization 2:Application Estimate Trend Analysis Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units)
4.1 Cosmetic Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
4.1.1 Carnauba Wax Market Demand In Cosmetic Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units)
4.2 Food Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
4.2.1 Carnauba Wax Market Demand In Food Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units)
4.3 Automotive Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
4.3.1 Carnauba Wax Market Demand In Automotive Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units)
4.4 Pharmaceutical Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units) - Global Industry Research
4.4.1 Carnauba Wax Market Demand In Pharmaceutical Market 2019-2024 (Volume/Units)
5.North America Market Categorization 1:Product Estimate Trend Analysis Market 2019-2024 ($M)
5.1 Type 1 Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
5.1.1 Type 1 Carnauba Wax Market Market 2019-2024 ($M)
5.2 Type 3 Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
5.2.1 Type 3 Carnauba Wax Market Market 2019-2024 ($M)
5.3 Type 4 Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
5.3.1 Type 4 Carnauba Wax Market Market 2019-2024 ($M)
6.North America Market Categorization 2:Application Estimate Trend Analysis Market 2019-2024 ($M)
6.1 Cosmetic Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
6.1.1 Carnauba Wax Market Demand In Cosmetic Market 2019-2024 ($M)
6.2 Food Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
6.2.1 Carnauba Wax Market Demand In Food Market 2019-2024 ($M)
6.3 Automotive Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
6.3.1 Carnauba Wax Market Demand In Automotive Market 2019-2024 ($M)
6.4 Pharmaceutical Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
6.4.1 Carnauba Wax Market Demand In Pharmaceutical Market 2019-2024 ($M)
7.South America Market Categorization 1:Product Estimate Trend Analysis Market 2019-2024 ($M)
7.1 Type 1 Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
7.1.1 Type 1 Carnauba Wax Market Market 2019-2024 ($M)
7.2 Type 3 Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
7.2.1 Type 3 Carnauba Wax Market Market 2019-2024 ($M)
7.3 Type 4 Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
7.3.1 Type 4 Carnauba Wax Market Market 2019-2024 ($M)
8.South America Market Categorization 2:Application Estimate Trend Analysis Market 2019-2024 ($M)
8.1 Cosmetic Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
8.1.1 Carnauba Wax Market Demand In Cosmetic Market 2019-2024 ($M)
8.2 Food Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
8.2.1 Carnauba Wax Market Demand In Food Market 2019-2024 ($M)
8.3 Automotive Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
8.3.1 Carnauba Wax Market Demand In Automotive Market 2019-2024 ($M)
8.4 Pharmaceutical Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
8.4.1 Carnauba Wax Market Demand In Pharmaceutical Market 2019-2024 ($M)
9.Europe Market Categorization 1:Product Estimate Trend Analysis Market 2019-2024 ($M)
9.1 Type 1 Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
9.1.1 Type 1 Carnauba Wax Market Market 2019-2024 ($M)
9.2 Type 3 Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
9.2.1 Type 3 Carnauba Wax Market Market 2019-2024 ($M)
9.3 Type 4 Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
9.3.1 Type 4 Carnauba Wax Market Market 2019-2024 ($M)
10.Europe Market Categorization 2:Application Estimate Trend Analysis Market 2019-2024 ($M)
10.1 Cosmetic Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
10.1.1 Carnauba Wax Market Demand In Cosmetic Market 2019-2024 ($M)
10.2 Food Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
10.2.1 Carnauba Wax Market Demand In Food Market 2019-2024 ($M)
10.3 Automotive Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
10.3.1 Carnauba Wax Market Demand In Automotive Market 2019-2024 ($M)
10.4 Pharmaceutical Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
10.4.1 Carnauba Wax Market Demand In Pharmaceutical Market 2019-2024 ($M)
11.APAC Market Categorization 1:Product Estimate Trend Analysis Market 2019-2024 ($M)
11.1 Type 1 Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
11.1.1 Type 1 Carnauba Wax Market Market 2019-2024 ($M)
11.2 Type 3 Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
11.2.1 Type 3 Carnauba Wax Market Market 2019-2024 ($M)
11.3 Type 4 Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
11.3.1 Type 4 Carnauba Wax Market Market 2019-2024 ($M)
12.APAC Market Categorization 2:Application Estimate Trend Analysis Market 2019-2024 ($M)
12.1 Cosmetic Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
12.1.1 Carnauba Wax Market Demand In Cosmetic Market 2019-2024 ($M)
12.2 Food Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
12.2.1 Carnauba Wax Market Demand In Food Market 2019-2024 ($M)
12.3 Automotive Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
12.3.1 Carnauba Wax Market Demand In Automotive Market 2019-2024 ($M)
12.4 Pharmaceutical Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
12.4.1 Carnauba Wax Market Demand In Pharmaceutical Market 2019-2024 ($M)
13.MENA Market Categorization 1:Product Estimate Trend Analysis Market 2019-2024 ($M)
13.1 Type 1 Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
13.1.1 Type 1 Carnauba Wax Market Market 2019-2024 ($M)
13.2 Type 3 Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
13.2.1 Type 3 Carnauba Wax Market Market 2019-2024 ($M)
13.3 Type 4 Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
13.3.1 Type 4 Carnauba Wax Market Market 2019-2024 ($M)
14.MENA Market Categorization 2:Application Estimate Trend Analysis Market 2019-2024 ($M)
14.1 Cosmetic Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
14.1.1 Carnauba Wax Market Demand In Cosmetic Market 2019-2024 ($M)
14.2 Food Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
14.2.1 Carnauba Wax Market Demand In Food Market 2019-2024 ($M)
14.3 Automotive Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
14.3.1 Carnauba Wax Market Demand In Automotive Market 2019-2024 ($M)
14.4 Pharmaceutical Market 2019-2024 ($M) - Regional Industry Research
14.4.1 Carnauba Wax Market Demand In Pharmaceutical Market 2019-2024 ($M)
LIST OF FIGURES
1.US Carnauba Wax Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)2.Canada Carnauba Wax Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
3.Mexico Carnauba Wax Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
4.Brazil Carnauba Wax Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
5.Argentina Carnauba Wax Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
6.Peru Carnauba Wax Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
7.Colombia Carnauba Wax Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
8.Chile Carnauba Wax Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
9.Rest of South America Carnauba Wax Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
10.UK Carnauba Wax Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
11.Germany Carnauba Wax Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
12.France Carnauba Wax Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
13.Italy Carnauba Wax Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
14.Spain Carnauba Wax Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
15.Rest of Europe Carnauba Wax Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
16.China Carnauba Wax Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
17.India Carnauba Wax Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
18.Japan Carnauba Wax Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
19.South Korea Carnauba Wax Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
20.South Africa Carnauba Wax Market Revenue, 2019-2024 ($M)
21.North America Carnauba Wax By Application
22.South America Carnauba Wax By Application
23.Europe Carnauba Wax By Application
24.APAC Carnauba Wax By Application
25.MENA Carnauba Wax By Application
26.Foncepi- Comercial Exportadora Ltda, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
27.Carnauba Do Brasil Ltda, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
28.Brasil Ceras, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
29.Tropical Ceras Do Brasil Ltda, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
30.Natural Wax, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
31.Pons Industria De Cera Ltda, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
32.Strahl Pitsch, Inc, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
33.Kahl Gmbh Co. Kg, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
34.Norevo Gmbh, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
35.Koster Keunen Holland, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
36.The International Group, Inc, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
37.Frank B Ross, Inc, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
38.Poth Hille, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
39.Ter Hell Co. Gmbh, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)
40.J Allcock Son Ltd, Sales /Revenue, 2015-2018 ($Mn/$Bn)